Abstract: Different aesthetic views in China and the West have historical influence on sculpture, painting and drama. They form artistic thinking modes with different objective and subjective expression styles and guide the diversified aesthetic practice of stage lighting art.
[Keywords] visual aesthetic theater architecture performance art light and shadow modeling geographical environment
Introduction
The art of performance is a comprehensive art of stage audio-visual expression using the means of modeling. Cognition, communication, research and establishment of corresponding aesthetic concepts are the premise of spatial presentation of stage lighting professional design, and the basis for determining the specific visual effects required to create theatrical theme. The concept of expressing beauty is the concentrated expression of the spirit and values ​​of all ethnic groups in the course of cultural and artistic development. It is the ideological basis for human beings to pursue the quality of life and explore beauty. Whether it is the objective reality aesthetics or the art form aesthetics, each unique genre theory will promote and influence the development of culture and art from the birth of the new concept to the advancement of the aesthetic concept. Therefore, the aesthetic theories and concepts created by the Chinese and Western classical estheticians are the indispensable spiritual wealth of the performers, and one of the important criteria for examining and appraising the artistic performance level and literary criticism.
First, the artistic aesthetic of stage lighting
In the form of theatrical art, the stage art includes the audiovisual art of the expression elements such as form, light, color, time and space; it is the second creation of various professional departments including setting devices, lighting, props, clothing, and makeup. The purpose of the division of labor is to give the final performance of the show. The creator enables the audience to see, hear, and feel what is happening in the stage space. In order to express the theme, the typical life image is transformed into a specific and specific visual image. Therefore, the stage and film lighting designers are discussing The aesthetic view of Western art and its influence have given the lighting art a sense of styling aesthetics, enhancing the consciousness of stage creation thinking, and grasping the aesthetic artistic value of visual expression to adapt to the aesthetic foundation necessary for the development of social culture.
Stage lighting is a secondary creation that belongs to the art of performance. It has its own functions in the field of stage art and other plastic arts. It usually cannot exist independently in the performance. Its own characteristics are the application of specific elements such as light and shadow and color. The space environment and the actors perform, create the relationship between the characters and the landscape, and use the shaping effect of the light as the vocabulary of visual communication to reveal the concept of life and the interpretation of the concept of drama time and space. It is also indispensable in the process of narrating the plot and the theme of the drama. One of the important elements. The light can reveal an infinite space image and a picture of light color in the limited space of the stage to infect the audience. There is no visual image without light, and there is no art of performance without light. The basic definitions include: lighting performance space, allowing the audience to see the actors' performances and scenes; guiding the audience's line of sight; shaping the characters, highlighting the emotions and expressing the stage illusion; creating the space environment needed for the plot; rendering the dramatic atmosphere; showing the time and space conversion Highlight the contradictions and conflicts of the drama and strengthen the rhythm of the stage; cooperate with the stage performances, promote the development of the plot, and reveal the theme of the drama. Stage art is drawn from nature and consciously selected, rather than mechanically imitating and copying life. It is the performance art of presenting imagery and the concrete manifestation of visual effects and aesthetic spirit.
The creators of the stage lighting are conceived according to the script. They need to cooperate with the director and other creative departments to combine the performance intentions and characteristics of each major to determine the lighting position, lamp type, focus, direction, color and lighting scene atmosphere. The program description and other factors form a design scheme, using light and shadow and color effects as a means of expression to create the visual performance environment required for vision, formulating a program conversion scheme for describing the topic content and describing the specific environment picture, and presenting the audience with the theme of the performance. And has a visual effect of aesthetic value. Therefore, it is necessary for designers to accumulate creative materials in their lives and establish the aesthetic sense of stage lighting modeling. At the same time, they study the aesthetics of Chinese and Western estheticians, philosophers, and thinkers to accurately and appropriately complete the performance of theatrical spirit and stage. The aesthetic grasp of the image.
Built in the 4th century BC, the ruins of the Delphi theater in Greece, the 35-level grandstand can accommodate 5,000 spectators.
Built in the 70-80 AD Colosseum, the three-story auditorium can accommodate about 90,000 people.
Second, stage lighting and performance architecture
The art of stage lighting is influenced by the natural light illumination and visual perception. The image of the space environment is presented in a special space. With the development of human civilization, in the historical process of the drama, the use of daylighting The ruins of the performance building can be seen, and the natural lighting illuminates the material existence in the human activities with the spiritual life. The ancient Greek and Roman aesthetics in the 5th and 6th centuries BC were developed during the democratic movement of the slavery society at that time, which promoted the stage performances such as tragedy, comedy, music, singing, and the prosperity of art such as painting, sculpture, and architecture. And it has led to the philosophical speculative study of aesthetics and art, which has made great progress in the fields of literature, art, natural science and philosophy. It has gradually formed the early Greek aesthetic thoughts and genre theory, and influenced the later Chinese and Western aesthetics. The development of the concept and the art of modeling was manifested in the adaptation of the political economy and cultural life of the social and historical period of the time. The public facilities came into being, which made many appearances in the history of Western dramas use the open-air performance of natural light. Based on the amphitheatre and arena built in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, we can imagine the prosperity of the theater stage and culture at that time through its grand scale and functional structure, and can judge the lighting effect formed by natural light at that time. , the way of performance, enjoy the natural light effect of the different illumination directions and angles of light as the sun changes over time. However, due to the fact that the viewing space under the action of sunlight is also restricted by objective factors such as season, climate, temperature and time, it is often impossible to present the expected effect according to the time specified in the plot. The process of the times made the venue experience an evolution from open air, semi-open air to indoors. When the performance entered the indoor theater, although the stage lighting changed from daylight to light and experienced from oil lamps, candles, lime lamps, gas lamps and electric lamps to modernization today. The long-term evolution of lighting fixtures, during this period, due to the differences of time, geography, environment, social form, and religion, the image world constructed by rational assumptions and the order, rhythm, and symmetry under the influence of the ever-developing Chinese and Western aesthetics The creation of beauty in the material harmony, the formation of the local art of the traditional characteristics of different regions, the emergence of a variety of ambiguous cultures full of vitality, making the performance of artistic works in the form of light and shadow modeling, and typical forms. The styling characteristics and aesthetic thoughts show the long-term inheritance and mutual influence of Chinese and Western theater architecture and art forms such as sculpture, painting, music and drama. In ancient Greek aesthetic thought, Plato believed that the beauty of things is derived from the idea of ​​beauty. Art is the imitation of the real world, and Aristotle believes that the imitation of art itself is seeking knowledge. These ideas also guide the early Western drama. An important aesthetic concept of artistic development.
In fact, art reproduces social life by shaping the image. When expressing natural scenes and characters in the stage space, it is not only simple to use the light to illuminate the stage, but to judge and analyze the composition of the light environment in life, to reflect the color and intensity of the real life, the reflection of different environments. The scenes of light, various light effects, etc. are realized in a stage environment through a specific lighting design. The corresponding types of lighting fixtures are selected and placed in the appropriate stage space position, presenting the light and shadow sentiment required by the plot theme. A three-dimensional illumination or a uniform non-stereoscopic stage scene picture formed by light intensity and light quality in different directions. Therefore, in the process of production, the lighting designer, in addition to the in-depth creative exploration and understanding of the script and the various creative departments of the stage, can also find and draw on the methods of expressing light and shadow in the Western classic paintings. The stage lighting visual picture design reflects the shape. European classical painting art is used as a reference for light and shadow visual effects, applied to the practice of stage and film and television art, and realistically depicts reality according to the original life, making it a way of expressing the creation of stage lighting design.
In the change of the architectural form, the architectural forms of the ancient Greek and ancient Roman amphitheatos gradually evolved from circular, semi-circular, transitional to frame-like stage and other forms of viewing space until the Renaissance. The Italian opera conquered Europe, and designers began to build a large number of indoor framed stage theaters in Europe. For example: Teatro alla scala (1776-1778), Paris Opera (designed in 1861), Austrian National Opera (1861-1869), Russian Mariinsky Theatre (1860), etc. During this period, the viewing architecture is not limited to the framed stage. We can build the Rose Theatre (The Rose 1587), the Swan Theatre (The Swan 1595), and the Globe Theatre (The Globe 1599) from the British Shakespeare period. It is hoped that the theater (The Hope 1613) and other theaters will see the three-sided spectator's extended stage theater in the semi-open air, which will make the form change of the viewing space cater to more needs.
Globe Theatre (The Globe)
Comparing the architectural styles of Chinese and Western plastic arts and performance spaces, there are similarities and differences between the two in social development. In China, with the advancement of farming culture, the prosperity and stability of social material, the traditional theatrical performance art and the viewing and building facilities have gradually emerged. The spread and popularization of culture and art have produced the architectural forms with oriental characteristics, which have created many places. The theater theater has a structural model composed of adobe bricks with practical functions and aesthetic values. It includes modern theater facilities ranging from imposing royal palace theaters to folk theater buildings and later commercial halls, which constitutes the typical characteristics of oriental traditional theatre art and theater architecture aesthetics.
Throughout the history of ancient China, records of court performances began in the early Qin Dynasty. From the historical data, the court dramas of the Song Dynasty from the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty are held in the palace of the palace. The performance venue is usually the courtyard in front of the palace. In the Yuan Dynasty, a permanent stage was built in the palace. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), the sacred hall of the temple was built in Nanjing. Built in the late Ming Dynasty, Guanghe Opera House was the earliest famous theater building in Beijing. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City was built with the Loufangzhai Grand Theatre and the Changyin Pavilion, as well as the Dehe Garden in the Royal Garden Summer Palace, the Chengde Summer Resort Floating Jade Theatre, and the Manchu Shenyang Palace Theatre. floor. In addition, the folk halls of the Ming and Qing Dynasties can be said to be China's unique cultural landscape. The early hall of the clubhouse was combined with the temple and used as a place of communication for fellow citizens seeking public welfare, worshipping gods and praying, and gathering meetings. Later, it developed into a restaurant, a tea garden, and a theater-style building. For example, the Pingyang Hall near Beijing Qianmen was built in the 7th year of Qing Jiaqing (1802), the Huguang Hall of Beijing Hufang Bridge was built in Daoguang 10th (1830), and the Beijing Anhui Embassy Theatre was built in Qing Dynasty for 8 years. (1869) and the Tianjin Hall of Tianjin Indoors were built in Chinese architecture such as Thirty-three Years (1907) of the Guangxu Period of Qing Dynasty. At that time, the hall mainly staged traditional Chinese Peking Opera or opera repertoire. On the stage, the Chinese traditional story was described by singing, reading, doing, playing and performing forms and virtual movements. The Chinese style was interpreted with complete artistic style and unique performance system. The connotation of culture.
The Dehe Garden Grand Theatre was built in the 17th year of the Guangxu Emperor (1891) and is located in a large courtyard in the Summer Palace.
Within the “German Gardenâ€, it is the largest existing royal theater building in China.
Beijing Huguang Club Building
While performing the essence of Chinese history and culture, the performance art of modern drama and drama also pays attention to the style of Western culture. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, it has introduced the architectural mode of European theater. In the sixth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1867), the Shanghai Lanxin Theatre Building with the framed stage theater and the Chang'an Grand Theatre built in 1937; after 1949, the modern theaters such as the Capital Theater, the People's Theater, and the Exhibition Hall Theater were built in Beijing. . Especially after the reform and opening up, the emergence of a large number of Western-style theaters such as the National Grand Theatre, Shanghai Grand Theatre and Guangzhou Opera House has accumulated experience for the construction of modern Chinese cultural and artistic facilities, and has also formed corresponding artistic aesthetic concepts and norms. Under the influence of the development of the form of theater and theater, the elements of architecture, sculpture and painting were integrated, and the original art and style of Chinese traditional drama culture were preserved. At the same time, there was a Chinese-Western style theater viewing space for the current stage performance. And the aesthetic form of modern theater architecture has had a certain impact.
In the process of long-term inheritance, Chinese traditional opera has formed a unique stage modeling mode. Among them, the stage lighting is covered by the aesthetic view of the traditional Chinese aesthetics with "image" or "ideal" as the basic category. In the aesthetic expression style system of opera art, its expression technique is to use uniform illumination to illuminate all the details of the styling, to express the plane effect in the three-dimensional space, and to form a stage picture of “flat lighting†without light and shadow. This kind of system is not a copy of the effect of natural light, but on the premise of subjective consciousness, emphasizing the display of the plane effect, ignoring the stereoscopic effect and environmental color formed by the light and shadow on the object, and carefully grasping and delicately designing the white light illumination, reflecting The artistic essence of Chinese cultural aesthetics. Traditional opera performances usually represent a hypothetical dramatic situation with stylized stage action. The traditional clothing patterns and make-up stylings with specific aesthetic styling intentions are also set according to the character's personality. Lighting is the overall and details of the performance of the opera. The purpose is to show and interpret the artistic connotation of traditional opera, rather than simply illuminating the stage. The pursuit is to unify the stage lighting under the oriental aesthetics and aesthetic positioning to make the actors perform. And the required set, costumes, make-up, props and even the overall color are unified under the enhanced uniform white light illumination to create a clear and eye-catching viewing effect for the audience. That is, in the three-dimensional space and the viewing environment of one or three viewers, the flat image is attached to the figure of the character in the play, paying attention to the formation of a clear effect similar to the inherent color of Chinese traditional painting. The role image, the theme of the opera performance.
Usually on the stage, the light emphasizes the effect of the actor's performance, uniform multi-directional lighting can reduce the contrast, high-brightness lighting depicts the details and corresponding to the color of the clothing and makeup for the atmosphere, paying attention to the footlight floodlights to assist the basic lighting The tactics consciously eliminate or weaken the shadows instead of simple white lighting. The Beijing opera "Sanchakou" describes the story of Liu Lihua and Ren Tanghui's misunderstanding in the middle of the night. The lighting and the martial arts performance will be vivid in the way of "whitening and black" lighting, which will reach out to the five-finger, dark, and close-fighting fighting scene. The association of the ground picture, the inversion of the dark effect is like a white, so that the audience is as immersed in the night vision to enjoy the stage performance art.
With the improvement of aesthetic consciousness and the development of lighting equipment and technology, the exploration and pursuit of traditional opera lighting has changed. The performance of opera and Peking opera performance has accumulated the experience of white lighting system in line with traditional aesthetic consciousness, and integrated into the aesthetic factors of western drama. In the traditional opera, the lighting design concept is added to the various expressions of western theater performance lighting, forming a modern Beijing opera and a new historical drama. For example, Mr. Mei Lanfang, a famous Chinese Peking Opera performer, was influenced by the aesthetics of Western drama, bringing light and shadow art to the performance of traditional Peking Opera. In the "Shu Ben Yue", the chasing light was first applied to the traditional opera stage to highlight And emphasize the performance of the main characters. This pioneering work has enhanced the quality of the Beijing Opera stage lighting and enriched the performance of Beijing Opera art. In the period of the emergence of modern Chinese Peking Opera model operas, the method of Western theater stage art modeling was also applied to opera performances. Emphasis on the ratio of illumination to light and the performance of color, the stage visual effects blend with the development of Chinese and Western elements in a diversified direction. In fact, the styling consciousness and expression method contained in the lighting techniques of Chinese opera performances are influenced by Chinese painting art, and the spread of Western drama and painting aesthetics also plays a driving role.
Third, light and shadow modeling and artistic presentation
It is generally believed that the characteristics of Western classical painting art are rigorous and realistic, and the traditional Chinese painting art is presented in a freehand manner. The difference between these two methods is related to the differences between Chinese and Western aesthetic and logical thinking. China's philosophical thoughts are dominated by moderation and moderation, and the integration of heaven and man, the two things are forgotten to the extreme; Western philosophy is mainly derived from the mathematical thinking of mathematics and geometry in Greece, attaches importance to the objective understanding of things, and analyzes conceptualized reasoning. Things, esteeming things, I am opposite. Comparatively speaking, Chinese traditional art implies a subtle and subjective approach; Western art attaches importance to the objective description of things and expresses them in a real way. Therefore, there are obvious differences between Chinese and Western painting art under the influence of different aesthetic views. European classical painting pays attention to the existence of things. The exquisiteness lies in the expression and presentation of light and shadow forms, emphasizing the influence of illumination and light on the shape and the objective reproduction of real things, and examining the proportion of structure, space perspective, light and dark volume, and color tone with rigorous attitude. Color and the pursuit of objective and realistic observation and expression methods, the essence of Western painting art is subjectively trying to complete; while Oriental art focuses on the subjective association and decorative expression of the shape, especially the Chinese painting art, paying attention to the relationship between man and nature. Most of the reflections are naturally in people's inner thoughts and feelings. Artists use exaggerated and blank ways to express the outline and background of things, attaching importance to the feelings of the self and the meaning of the works while ignoring the influence of light and shadow on the form, not only in painting, Comparing the Chinese and Western sculpture art, it can be seen that this difference in aesthetic values ​​has been vividly expressed, forming a unique system of Chinese art. For example, comparing Da Vinci's bronze horses with bronze horses, you can see the aesthetic sense of respecting objective reality and exaggeration, as well as the artistic expressions of different styles.
Compared with Western paintings, the difference between Chinese and Western paintings can be seen. As early as the 6th century BC, the Pythagorean school believed that the order, proportion and scale of the number not only constituted everything in the universe, but also constituted the harmony of the universe. Beauty is the result of harmony. The objective forms of rhythm and symmetry are the theoretical foundations of Greek aesthetics. It can be seen from the murals found in the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii that the paintings of 600 BC have vividly depicted and reproduced the illuminating features and stereoscopic effects of natural light. In classical aesthetics, art is considered to be an imitation of the real world. It should be said that this pursuit has continued to influence the realistic paintings of the entire West. It is the concept that runs through in the art of modeling and lays the foundation for the development of European classical painting.
