Instruction cycle: The time it takes for an instruction cycle to execute an instruction, which is equal to an integer multiple of the machine cycle. The instruction cycle of the traditional 80C51 microcontroller is mostly a single-cycle instruction, that is, the instruction cycle = machine cycle, and a small part is a two-cycle instruction. Now (as of 2012) the new microcontroller has been able to achieve no frequency division, and try to single instruction cycle, that is, instruction cycle = machine cycle = clock cycle.
Looking at the external data of this 8051 microcontroller, the frequency of change of ALE and $PSEN$ is less than one machine cycle. If you use C language to simulate this signal, there is no way to do it, so you can only try to match the above timing. The same, the cycle is extended.
The instruction cycle is undefined because she is related to the machine cycle involved in the instruction. One instruction cycle = 1 (or 2 or 3 or 4) machine cycles, like multiplication or division, contains 4 machine cycles, and a single instruction contains only 1 machine cycle.
For most of the 51 single-chip microcomputers, 1 machine cycle = 12 clock cycles (or oscillation period)
There are also some microcontroller clock cycles and oscillation cycles that are not equal, for example, 1 clock cycle = 2 oscillation cycles.
This definition refers to the time required to execute an instruction, usually one instruction cycle consists of several machine cycles. The number of machine cycles required varies depending on the command.
For some simple single-byte instructions, in the instruction fetch cycle, after the instruction is fetched into the instruction register, the instruction is decoded and executed, and no other machine cycles are needed. For some more complex instructions, such as branch instructions, multiplication instructions, two or more machine cycles are required. An instruction that typically contains one machine cycle is called a one-cycle instruction, and an instruction that contains two machine cycles is called a two-cycle instruction.
PIC microcontroller instruction cycle calculationEvery four clock cycles of the PIC microcontroller is an internal instruction cycle
For example: 8MHz crystal oscillator, the internal command cycle is 1/(8/4)= 0.5 uS
Example 1: 35us, 8MHz crystal oscillator, 8-bit timer, division ratio 1/2, initial value E4
Example 2: 156.25us, 32768Hz crystal oscillator, 8-bit timer, division ratio 1/32, initial value FC
Calculation method one: 35 = = (256-initial value) * frequency division * 4 / crystal oscillator + 14 / frequency division = (256 - initial value) + 14 / 2
Calculation method two: 0.015625 = (256 - initial value) * frequency division * 4 / crystal oscillator = (256 - initial value) * 32 * 4 / 32768
Special Note: The division ratio 1-8 needs to add a 14/divide
What is the prescaler postscaler?Dividers are generally used in conjunction with counting units.
The prescaler is active before the count cell value changes (if the counter is incremented by 1 when the rising edge is not used, and the prescaler with a divide ratio of 1:2 is now used, Then you must wait until the two rising edges come, the counter will increase by 1)
The postscaler has the same function as the prescaler, but only after the counter value has changed. Like TMR2's postscaler, if it is not used, the counter will immediately set the flag to TMR2IF if it overflows, but if there is a 1:2 postscaler, it must be set after two overflows.
Now, the commonly used microcontroller programming software is keil. When the program is written, we can use software debugging to determine the time required for the program to execute, and also see each instruction:
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